The Verdict List

Ingredient & material research

This working library separates material function, general hazard and product-specific exposure. Some entries still lack primary citations; treat those as research notes, not independently verified conclusions.

Read the editorial ingredient glossary

Titanium dioxide
Ingredient Id
ING-TITANIUM-DIOXIDE
Name
Titanium dioxide
Normalized Name
titanium dioxide
Cas Number
13463-67-7
Material Class
inorganic pigment
Common Product Functions
  • White pigment
  • Opacifier
Hazard Summary
The most relevant established concern is inhalation of respirable titanium-dioxide particles in occupational/airborne contexts.
Exposure Routes
  • inhalation
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
When titanium dioxide is bound in ink, polymer or a diaper component, the exposure scenario differs materially from breathing airborne powder.
Cautions
  • Do not label a diaper carcinogenic solely because titanium dioxide appears in a bound pigment/material.
  • Investigate particle form, location, release potential and actual exposure before drawing risk conclusions.
Evidence Strength
moderate_for_inhalation_hazard; product_specific_risk_not_established
Sources
  • Title
    Titanium dioxide
    Organization
    PubChem / U.S. National Library of Medicine
    Access Date
    2026-09-16
    What It Establishes
    Substance identity and hazard references; supports distinction between inhalation hazard and other exposure contexts.
Carbon black / Pigment Black 7
Ingredient Id
ING-CARBON-BLACK
Name
Carbon black / Pigment Black 7
Normalized Name
carbon black
Material Class
pigment
Common Product Functions
  • Black pigment
  • Printing ink pigment
Hazard Summary
Occupational inhalation of carbon-black dust is the main concern reflected in carcinogenicity/respiratory assessments.
Exposure Routes
  • inhalation
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
Trace bound printing pigment on a diaper is a different exposure scenario from inhaling industrial carbon-black dust.
Cautions
  • Do not equate presence of bound Pigment Black 7 with occupational carbon-black dust exposure.
  • Where possible investigate pigment purity, PAH specifications, location and migration/release.
Evidence Strength
moderate_for_inhalation_hazard; finished_diaper_risk_not_established
Sources
Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
Ingredient Id
ING-SODIUM-DIOCTYL-SULFOSUCCINATE
Name
Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
Normalized Name
docusate sodium / sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
Material Class
anionic surfactant / wetting agent
Common Product Functions
  • Wetting agent
  • Surfactant
Hazard Summary
Surfactants can be irritating depending on concentration and formulation. The current Coterie Size 4 disclosure reports 1% in the topsheet.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
A 1% topsheet use should be assessed in the finished nonwoven context rather than by applying concentrated-chemical irritation data directly.
Cautions
  • Assess concentration, finished-product irritation testing and actual migration/contact.
  • CIR-related safety conclusion cited in prior research still needs exact primary-source citation capture.
Evidence Strength
preliminary
Sources
Crystal violet lactone
Ingredient Id
ING-CRYSTAL-VIOLET-LACTONE
Name
Crystal violet lactone
Normalized Name
crystal violet lactone
Material Class
color former / leuco dye
Common Product Functions
  • Wetness-indicator color former
Hazard Summary
Public toxicology data are comparatively limited in the current research record.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
Typically used in a wetness-indicator system rather than as a freely applied skin ingredient.
Cautions
  • Do not conflate crystal violet lactone with crystal violet; they are different substances.
  • Treat limited toxicology data as a data-gap flag, not proof of danger.
Evidence Strength
limited_data
Sources
Styrene-containing copolymers
Ingredient Id
ING-STYRENE-CONTAINING-COPOLYMERS
Name
Styrene-containing copolymers
Normalized Name
styrene/isoprene, styrene/butadiene and related copolymers
Material Class
polymer / adhesive / elastomer
Common Product Functions
  • Adhesive polymer
  • Elastic polymer
  • Structural polymer
Hazard Summary
Hazards of free styrene monomer must not be directly assigned to the finished high-molecular-weight copolymer.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
Relevant questions are residual monomer/impurity levels, migration/release and actual contact in the finished diaper.
Cautions
  • Do not use free-styrene toxicology as if it were identical to copolymer toxicology.
  • Seek residual-monomer specifications or migration data where available.
Evidence Strength
principle_established; product_specific_data_pending
Sources
No entries recorded
PEG / ethoxylated ingredients
Ingredient Id
ING-PEG-ETHOXYLATED
Name
PEG / ethoxylated ingredients
Normalized Name
polyethylene glycol and ethoxylated ingredients
Material Class
surfactant / emulsifier / processing class
Common Product Functions
  • Surfactant
  • Solubilizer
  • Emulsifier
  • Skin-contact formulation aid
Hazard Summary
For ethoxylated ingredients, a relevant manufacturing-quality question can be residual ethylene oxide or 1,4-dioxane rather than treating the PEG ingredient itself as automatically hazardous.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
Product-specific risk depends on ingredient identity, purification controls, residual impurities, concentration and exposure.
Cautions
  • Do not label all PEG ingredients dangerous as a class.
  • Where relevant, seek contaminant specifications or finished-product 1,4-dioxane/ethylene-oxide testing.
Evidence Strength
preliminary; primary toxicology/regulatory source expansion_pending
Sources
No entries recorded
Sodium polyacrylate (SAP)
Ingredient Id
ING-SODIUM-POLYACRYLATE
Name
Sodium polyacrylate (SAP)
Normalized Name
sodium polyacrylate
Cas Number
9003-04-7
Material Class
superabsorbent polymer / acrylate polymer
Common Product Functions
  • Superabsorbent polymer
  • Fluid retention
Hazard Summary
Raw or concentrated superabsorbent polymer can cause mechanical irritation; the more relevant quality concern for the finished polymer is formulation quality and residual monomer rather than treating it as free acrylic acid.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
  • inhalation if raw powder becomes airborne
Product Specific Exposure Context
In disposable diapers SAP is predominantly contained within the absorbent core. Intact-diaper exposure differs materially from handling raw polymer powder.
Cautions
  • Do not assign acrylic-acid monomer toxicology directly to sodium polyacrylate polymer.
  • Investigate residual monomer specifications, dust release and core integrity where data are available.
Evidence Strength
moderate
Sources
Polyacrylic acid
Ingredient Id
ING-POLYACRYLIC-ACID
Name
Polyacrylic acid
Normalized Name
polyacrylic acid
Cas Number
9003-01-4
Material Class
acrylate polymer
Common Product Functions
  • Binder
  • Dispersant
  • Polymer component
Hazard Summary
Raw/concentrated material can be irritating. Polymer toxicology should not be treated as identical to acrylic-acid monomer toxicology.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
In ATTITUDE the disclosed use is in external printed ink, not as a freely applied leave-on skin ingredient.
Cautions
  • Assess finished-product migration and exposure rather than extrapolating from neat polymer or monomer data.
Evidence Strength
moderate
Sources
Polytetrahydrofuran / PTMO
Ingredient Id
ING-POLYTETRAHYDROFURAN
Name
Polytetrahydrofuran / PTMO
Normalized Name
polytetrahydrofuran
Cas Number
24979-97-3
Material Class
polyether polymer / elastomer precursor
Common Product Functions
  • Elastic/stretch component
  • Flexible polymer
Hazard Summary
The toxicology of tetrahydrofuran solvent should not be directly transferred to the solid polytetrahydrofuran polymer.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
ATTITUDE uses the polymer in cuffs and closure structures as a solid elastic component.
Cautions
  • Do not conflate PTMO polymer with THF solvent exposure.
Evidence Strength
moderate
Sources
Aminomethyl propanol
Ingredient Id
ING-AMINOMETHYL-PROPANOL
Name
Aminomethyl propanol
Normalized Name
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
Cas Number
124-68-5
Material Class
alkanolamine / pH adjuster
Common Product Functions
  • pH adjuster
  • Neutralizer
Hazard Summary
Concentrated aminomethyl propanol is alkaline and can be irritating. Finished-product concern depends on concentration, formulation and exposure.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
  • ocular for concentrated material
Product Specific Exposure Context
ATTITUDE discloses aminomethyl propanol at 0.2% of the printed-ink formulation, while printed ink is 0.3% of the backsheet.
Cautions
  • Finished-product migration/exposure is more relevant than neat-chemical hazard.
  • Where applicable, nitrosamine chemistry should be evaluated in the context of co-ingredients rather than assumed.
Evidence Strength
moderate
Sources
Pigment Blue 15 / copper phthalocyanine blue
Ingredient Id
ING-PIGMENT-BLUE-15
Name
Pigment Blue 15 / copper phthalocyanine blue
Normalized Name
Pigment Blue 15
Cas Number
147-14-8
Material Class
organic pigment / copper phthalocyanine pigment
Common Product Functions
  • Blue printing pigment
Hazard Summary
Product-specific questions are pigment purity, contaminants and migration/release rather than inferring systemic copper exposure from the pigment's molecular structure.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
Product Specific Exposure Context
ATTITUDE discloses Pigment Blue 15 as 48% of the external printed-ink formulation.
Cautions
  • Seek heavy-metal/impurity specifications where available.
  • Do not infer systemic copper exposure solely from chemical structure.
Evidence Strength
preliminary_to_moderate
Sources
Bamboo viscose / rayon
Ingredient Id
ING-BAMBOO-VISCOSE
Name
Bamboo viscose / rayon
Normalized Name
regenerated cellulose viscose from bamboo
Material Class
regenerated cellulose fiber
Common Product Functions
  • Soft nonwoven
  • Topsheet
  • Outer cover
Hazard Summary
Carbon disulfide exposure is a recognized occupational hazard in viscose/rayon manufacturing. That manufacturing hazard does not by itself establish infant exposure from a finished viscose diaper.
Exposure Routes
  • occupational inhalation during manufacture
  • dermal contact with finished fiber
Product Specific Exposure Context
For finished diapers, the relevant question is whether meaningful carbon-disulfide or other processing residuals remain and migrate from the product; finished-product residual testing is needed to establish that.
Cautions
  • Separate manufacturing-worker hazard from finished-product consumer exposure.
  • Do not state that bamboo-viscose diapers expose infants to carbon disulfide without finished-product evidence.
Evidence Strength
strong_for_occupational_manufacturing_hazard; product_specific_consumer_exposure_not_established
Sources
  • Title
    Carbon Disulfide Current Intelligence Bulletin
    Organization
    NIOSH / CDC
    Access Date
    2026-09-16
    What It Establishes
    Occupational carbon-disulfide hazards, including rayon-manufacturing exposure context.
Polypropylene
Ingredient Id
ING-POLYPROPYLENE
Name
Polypropylene
Normalized Name
polypropylene
Cas Number
9003-07-0
Material Class
polyolefin polymer
Common Product Functions
  • Nonwoven fiber
  • Topsheet
  • Core wrap
  • Cuff
  • Fastening structure
  • Outer layer
Hazard Summary
The base solid polymer has relatively low intrinsic hazard in normal use; additives, impurities, thermal degradation products and particle/fiber release are separate questions.
Exposure Routes
  • dermal
  • inhalation only if particles/fibers are generated
Product Specific Exposure Context
Disposable diapers commonly use polypropylene as a bound nonwoven or structural polymer.
Cautions
  • Do not use low base-polymer hazard as proof that every polypropylene-containing product is free of additives or contaminants.
Evidence Strength
moderate
Sources